By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain how the binding of a ligand initiates signal transduction throughout a cell
Recognize the role of phosphorylation in the transmission of intracellular signals
Evaluate the role of second messengers in signal transmission
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe how signaling pathways direct protein expression, cellular metabolism, and cell growth
Identify the function of PKC in signal transduction pathways
Recognize the role of apoptosis in the development and maintenance of a healthy organism
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe four types of signaling mechanisms found in multicellular organisms
Compare internal receptors with cell-surface receptors
Recognize the relationship between a ligand’s structure and its mechanism of action
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe how single-celled yeasts use cell signaling to communicate with one another
Relate the role of quorum sensing to the ability of some bacteria to form biofilms
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe how cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell growth
Understand how proto-oncogenes are normal cell genes that, when mutated, become oncogenes
Describe how tumor suppressors function
Explain how mutant tumor suppressors cause cancer
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes
Distinguish between chromosomes, genes, and traits
Describe the mechanisms of chromosome compaction
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Understand how the cell cycle is controlled by mechanisms that are both internal and external to the cell
Explain how the three internal “control checkpoints” occur at the end of G1, at the G2/M transition, and during metaphase
Describe the molecules that control the cell cycle through positive and negative regulation
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the process of binary fission in prokaryotes
Explain how FtsZ and tubulin proteins are examples of homology
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the three stages of interphase
Discuss the behavior of chromosomes during karyokinesis/mitosis
Explain how the cytoplasmic content is divided during cytokinesis
Define the quiescent G0 phase
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the extracellular matrix
List examples of the ways that plant cells and animal cells communicate with adjacent cells
Summarize the roles of tight junctions, desmosomes, gap junctions, and plasmodesmata
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the structure of eukaryotic cells
Compare animal cells with plant cells
State the role of the plasma membrane
Summarize the functions of the major cell organelles
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Name examples of prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms
Compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Describe the relative sizes of different cells
Explain why cells must be small
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the role of cells in organisms
Compare and contrast light microscopy and electron microscopy
Summarize cell theory
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the cytoskeleton
Compare the roles of microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
Compare and contrast cilia and flagella
Summarize the differences among the components of prokaryotic cells, animal cells, and plant cells
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
List the components of the endomembrane system
Recognize the relationship between the endomembrane system and its functions
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Discuss the ways in which carbohydrate metabolic pathways, glycolysis, and the citric acid cycle interrelate with protein and lipid metabolic pathways
Explain why metabolic pathways are not considered closed systems
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Discuss the importance of electrons in the transfer of energy in living systems
Explain how ATP is used by cells as an energy source
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the overall result in terms of molecules produced during the chemical breakdown of glucose by glycolysis
Compare the output of glycolysis in terms of ATP molecules and NADH molecules produced
