By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain the processes of digestion and absorption
Compare and contrast different types of digestive systems
Explain the specialized functions of the organs involved in processing food in the body
Describe the ways in which organs work together to digest food and absorb nutrients
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain why an animal’s diet should be balanced and meet the needs of the body
Define the primary components of food
Describe the essential nutrients required for cellular function that cannot be synthesized by the animal body
Explain how energy is produced through diet and digestion
Describe how excess carbohydrates and energy are stored in the body
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Discuss internal and external methods of fertilization
Describe the methods used by animals for development of offspring during gestation
Describe the anatomical adaptions that occurred in animals to facilitate reproduction
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Discuss how fertilization occurs
Explain how the embryo forms from the zygote
Discuss the role of cleavage and gastrulation in animal development
By the end of this chapter, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormones
Discuss the interplay of the ovarian and menstrual cycles
Describe the process of menopause
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain fetal development during the three trimesters of gestation
Describe labor and delivery
Compare the efficacy and duration of various types of contraception
Discuss causes of infertility and the therapeutic options available
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Discuss the human sexual response
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the process of organogenesis
Identify the anatomical axes formed in vertebrates
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe advantages and disadvantages of asexual and sexual reproduction
Discuss asexual reproduction methods
Discuss sexual reproduction methods
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain how vacuoles, present in microorganisms, work to excrete waste
Describe the way in which flame cells and nephridia in worms perform excretory functions and maintain osmotic balance
Explain how insects use Malpighian tubules to excrete wastes and maintain osmotic balance
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain how hormonal cues help the kidneys synchronize the osmotic needs of the body
Describe how hormones like epinephrine, norepinephrine, renin-angiotensin, aldosterone, anti-diuretic hormone, and atrial natriuretic peptide help regulate waste elimination, maintain correct osmolarity, and perform other osmoregulatory functions
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Compare and contrast the way in which aquatic animals and terrestrial animals can eliminate toxic ammonia from their systems
Compare the major byproduct of ammonia metabolism in vertebrate animals to that of birds, insects, and reptiles
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Define osmosis and explain its role within molecules
Explain why osmoregulation and osmotic balance are important body functions
Describe active transport mechanisms
Explain osmolarity and the way in which it is measured
Describe osmoregulators or osmoconformers and how these tools allow animals to adapt to different environments
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain how the kidneys serve as the main osmoregulatory organs in mammalian systems
Describe the structure of the kidneys and the functions of the parts of the kidney
Describe how the nephron is the functional unit of the kidney and explain how it actively filters blood and generates urine
Detail the three steps in the formation of urine: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the relationship of amplitude and frequency of a sound wave to attributes of sound
Trace the path of sound through the auditory system to the site of transduction of sound
Identify the structures of the vestibular system that respond to gravity
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Identify the general and special senses in humans
Describe three important steps in sensory perception
Explain the concept of just-noticeable difference in sensory perception
