By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe how the structures of the lungs and thoracic cavity control the mechanics of breathing
Explain the importance of compliance and resistance in the lungs
Discuss problems that may arise due to a V/Q mismatch
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Name and describe lung volumes and capacities
Understand how gas pressure influences how gases move into and out of the body
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the passage of air from the outside environment to the lungs
Explain how the lungs are protected from particulate matter
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe how oxygen is bound to hemoglobin and transported to body tissues
Explain how carbon dioxide is transported from body tissues to the lungs
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
List the characteristics of fungi
Describe the composition of the mycelium
Describe the mode of nutrition of fungi
Explain sexual and asexual reproduction in fungi
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Identify fungi and place them into the five major phyla according to current classification
Describe each phylum in terms of major representative species and patterns of reproduction
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the role of fungi in various ecosystems
Describe mutualistic relationships of fungi with plant roots and photosynthetic organisms
Describe the beneficial relationship between some fungi and insects
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe some fungal parasites and pathogens of plants
Describe the different types of fungal infections in humans
Explain why antifungal therapy is hampered by the similarity between fungal and animal cells
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the importance of fungi to the balance of the environment
Summarize the role of fungi in agriculture and food and beverage preparation
Describe the importance of fungi in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries
Discuss the role of fungi as model organisms
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Interpret the metazoan phylogenetic tree
Describe the types of data that scientists use to construct and revise animal phylogeny
List some of the relationships within the modern phylogenetic tree that have been discovered as a result of modern molecular data
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Explain the differences in animal body plans that support basic animal classification
Compare and contrast the embryonic development of protostomes and deuterostomes
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
List the features that distinguish the kingdom Animalia from other kingdoms
Explain the processes of animal reproduction and embryonic development
Describe the roles that Hox genes play in development
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the features that characterized the earliest animals and approximately when they appeared on earth
Explain the significance of the Cambrian period for animal evolution and the changes in animal diversity that took place during that time
Describe some of the unresolved questions surrounding the Cambrian explosion
Discuss the implications of mass animal extinctions that have occurred in evolutionary history
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Compare structural and organization characteristics of Porifera and Cnidaria
Describe the progressive development of tissues and their relevance to animal complexity
Identify the two general body forms found in the Cnidaria
Describe the identifying features of the major cnidarian classes
By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:
Describe the organizational features of the simplest multicellular organisms
Explain the various body forms and bodily functions of sponges
