Basic principles of learning are always operating and always influencing human behavior. This module discusses the two most fundamental forms of learning -- classical (Pavlovian) and instrumental (operant) conditioning. Through them, we respectively learn to associate 1) stimuli in the environment, or 2) our own behaviors, with significant events, such as rewards and punishments. The two types of learning have been intensively studied because they have powerful effects on behavior, and because they provide methods that allow scientists to analyze learning processes rigorously. This module describes some of the most important things you need to know about classical and instrumental conditioning, and it illustrates some of the many ways they help us understand normal and disordered behavior in humans. The module concludes by introducing the concept of observational learning, which is a form of learning that is largely distinct from classical and operant conditioning.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Explain how classical conditioning occurs
Summarize the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

Distinguish between psychotherapy and biomedical therapy
Recognize various orientations to psychotherapy
Discuss psychotropic medications and recognize which medications are used to treat specific psychological disorders